Spanish naturalization by residence generally requires 10 years of continuous, legal, verified residence; reduced to 5 years for recognized refugees; reduced to 2 years for nationals by birth of Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal, or those of verified Sephardic Jewish origin; and reduced to 1 year for spouses of Spanish citizens (cohabiting, registered marriage) or those born on Spanish territory. Applicants must pass the DELE A2+ Spanish language exam (Instituto Cervantes; exempt for native Ibero-American speakers) and the CCSE constitutional/cultural knowledge exam (15/25 correct minimum). The 2026 government fee (Tasa 790-026) is €104.05, with processing taking 6-12 months for straightforward online applications. Standard naturalizing citizens must renounce their prior nationality during the Jura de Bandera oath; this is waived for citizens of Ibero-American nations, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, and Portugal, who retain dual nationality.