Under the public SNS, user fees (taxas moderadoras) are waived for most primary care and basic diagnostics; non-exempt groups pay roughly €5 for a GP visit and €15 for an ER admission. Without insurance, private-sector out-of-pocket costs run: €50-80 for a GP consultation, €80-150 for a specialist consultation, €250-350 for an MRI, and €200-500+/day for a private hospital room (excluding surgical supplies/physician fees). Dental care is almost entirely private — a standard checkup/cleaning averages €50-75, basic extractions €40-90. Prescription medications are heavily co-funded by the state under a tiered subsidy system (Co-participação de Medicamentos) scaling across four categories (90%, 69%, 37%, 15%) based on therapeutic necessity and chronic nature.