Foreign nationals may become German citizens through naturalisation after meeting the legal requirements established under German nationality law. Applicants are generally expected to demonstrate lawful residence, financial independence, language proficiency and successful integration into German society. Applicants may also be required to pass a citizenship test unless exempt under applicable rules. Germany has modernised aspects of its nationality legislation, including provisions relating to dual citizenship and reduced residence periods for qualifying applicants. German citizenship provides full political rights, unrestricted residence and employment rights within Germany and the rights associated with German and European Union citizenship.