Spain has signed over 90 bilateral double taxation agreements (Convenios de Doble Imposición) covering most major economies, including the US, UK, Germany, France, and most of Latin America. These treaties generally allocate taxing rights between Spain and the treaty partner and provide relief from double taxation via exemption or foreign tax credit methods, following the OECD Model Tax Convention structure. Spain has also adopted the OECD's Multilateral Convention (MLI) to implement BEPS-related treaty measures across its network. The full country-by-country list and treaty texts are published by the Agencia Tributaria.