Grunderwerbsteuer (property transfer tax) is a one-time levy on purchase price (for transactions above €2,500), ranging from 3.5% in Bavaria and Saxony to 6.5% in Brandenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Schleswig-Holstein — a €500,000 property triggers €17,500 tax in Bavaria versus €32,500 in the highest-rate states. Berlin's rate is 6%. Beyond the one-time transfer tax, an ongoing annual property tax (Grundsteuer) also applies, set by the local municipality.